History Chp. 7 & 8

Lesson 1
Nomadic: Cultures that traveled for food and never settled down.
Sedentary: To live in one place.
Neolithic Era: When the Nomadic people became Sedentary.
Agriculture: The domestication of plants and animals.
Jiahu: The first notable nomadic people of China. They started growing millet in 7000 BCE.
Yangshao: A culture that lasted from about 5000 – 3000 BCE.
The Yellow River was in the North and the Yangtze was in the south.
The Yangshao made pottery, bronze, and stone carvings.
The Yello River flooded periodically.

Lesson 2
China: A country in east Asia.
Himalayan Mountains: The mountains that have the largest elevation in the world.
Gobi Desert: A desert that runs across the northern border of China, and the southern border of Mongolia.

Lesson 3
The Huang-He River Valley: A region near the banks of the Huang-He River. (Also known as the Yellow River)
Heavenly Deity: A deity that was worshipped in ancient Chinese religion.
The Mandate of Heaven: The belief that if a ruler was bad the gods would replace them.
Jie: The last of the Xia dynasty.
Shang Dynasty: A dynasty founded by Cheng Tang.

Lesson 5
The Shang Dynasty lasted from 1600 – 1046 BCE.
Zhou Dynasty: One of the longest dynasties in China.
The Zhou Dynasty can be broken up into two different parts.
Western Zhou Dynasty: One of the parts of the Zhou Dynasty, it lasted from 1046 – 771 BCE.
Eastern Zhou Dynasty: The second part of the Zhou Dynasty, lasted from 771 – 256 BCE.

Lesson 6
Confucianism: A philosophy that there is goodness in people. It focuses on relationships between people.
Taoism: A philosophy that is focused on a person’s relationship with the world around them.
Tao: A word that is loosely translated as “The way,” or “The path,” but it is much more than that.
Yin Yang: The symbol of the Tao, it shows the world in balance with two opposing sides.
Legalism: a philosophy that tells how people are bad, and education and rituals corrected it.
Fa: The idea of Legalism, which is to get control of people.
Li: The idea of Confucianism, which is custom.

Lesson 7
The Zhou Dynasty had made greater stability within China.
Warring States: A period in which the Zhou dynasty split into smaller states, they each had armies and threatened to conquer their neighbors.
Division: To divide into a smaller version of the original.

Lesson 8
Qin Dynasty: The first dynasty of Imperial China after the Warring States Period.
Ying Zheng: The person who founded the Qin dynasty, he called himself the first emperor.
Qin Shi Huangdi: Ying Zheng’s name before he was emperor.
Legalism: A philosophy that states how the state is more important than the people in the state.
Terracotta Army: An army an emperor made to protect himself in the afterlife.
Liu Bang: The founder of the Han dynasty, he rebelled against Qin rule and won.
Xiang Yu: The general that was in charge of Qin forces.
Confucianism: A philosophy that said there was good in people, unlike legalism, Confucianism was thought of as a sense of mortality against Confucianism.
Xiongnu: The Xiongnu people are also known as the Huns, the Hans had run into them before when trying to expand their lands, they raided the Hans periodically.

Lesson 9
The Han dynasty lasted from 206 BCE – 220 CE.
Silk and Porcelain had sold a lot to foreign countries in the Han dynasty.
The Han sent official ambassadors from India and Persia.

Lesson 10
Roman Empire: A very powerful empire at the time.
The Han Dynasty and the Romans traded goods with others such as silk, metalwork, glass, etc.
Silk Road: The road people went to trade goods with the Chinese and Romans.
The Silk Road was 5000 miles long.

Chapter 8

Lesson 1
Greece: One of the major civilizations of the Ancient World.
Peloponnesian Peninsula: An area where Greece is, it is surrounded by three seas.
Ionian Sea: One of the seas that are near the Peloponnesian Peninsula.
Mediterranean Sea: Another sea that is near the Peloponnesian Peninsula.
Aegean Sea: The third sea that surrounds the Peloponnesian Peninsula.

Lesson 2
Greek City States: A collection of cities that are run by a separate government.
Polis City States: Another way the Greek City States are called.
Athens: A Polis City State.
Sparta: Another Polis City State.
Hellenism: Greek culture that contains a common language and religion.

Lesson 3
Greek Amphorae: A common good that was exported in Ancient Greece that held olive oil and wine.
Not many crops are grown in Greece, the most common crops are grapes and olives.
Grapes were most commonly used for wine.
Olives were most commonly used for olive oil.

Lesson 4
Herodotus: A philosopher that was a traveler which wrote very accurate notes on his travels.
The Persian Athen War: A war set by Darius the Great, the emperor of the Persians, because of how the people of Athens tried to colonize his empire. The Athenians won since they had many advantages.
Ten years later Darius’ successor Xerxes tried to conquer Greece again, but the Greeks won again.

Lesson 5
Athens: One of the many city-states in Greece.
Sparta: Another one of the many city-states in Greece.
Athens was mostly focused on getting more intellect and becoming smarter.
Sparta was focused on the military, weaponry, and warriors.
Delian League: A part of Greece that the Athenians owned.


Lesson 6
The Delian League: An alliance that was formed by many Greek city-states.
The Delian League was on the island of Delos.
City-states sent donations to the League’s treasury.
The Delian League after the Persian Wars started raiding the Persians.

Lesson 7
Demagogue: A ruler which follows the people instead of leading them.
Peloponnesian War: A war between Sparta and Athens, it ran from 431 – 404 BCE.
Thucydides: An Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War.
Peloponnesian League: A League made by the Spartans.

Lesson 8
Tyrant: A person who would rule with absolute power when there was an emergency.
Archons: Nine people who would rule for one year each.
Areopagus: The former Archons, who elected the Archons.
Solon: A man who was elected to be the Tyrant. He helped with Athens’s problems at the time such as slavery, debt, etc.
Peisistratos: Solon’s cousin who was elected as Tyrant at one point.
Hippias: Peisistratos’ son who was also elected as Tyrant, started a reign of terror when he was elected.
Cleisthenes: Cleisthenes with the help of the Spartans drove Hippias out of Athens.
Isagoras: A person who drove Cleisthenes out of Athens with the help of the Spartans.
Cleisthenes’ exile was taken off, and he created the world’s first Democracy.
Democracy: A government where the people vote for changes, instead of the ruler deciding everything.
Ostracism: Where every year one citizen of a place can be exiled.

Lesson 9
Socrates: A man who didn’t write anything, but is called “The Father of Philosophy.”
Socrates was in the Athenian army.
Socrates was most likely a stone mason.
The Socratic Problem: Since Socrates didn’t write anything, the writing about him from people he knew was mostly biased and untrue.
Piety: To please gods.
Impious: Doing things that do not please gods.

Lesson 10
The Realm of Forms: A realm where everything stays the same.
The Allegory of the Cave: Where people find that their life has been an illusion, and kill the one that found out.
Plato: One of Socrates’ students.

Lesson 11
Philip II of Macedon: A king of Macedonia.
League of Corinth: An alliance that had most Greek city-states in it.
Alexander the Great: Philip II’s son who inherited the kingdom when Philip died. He conquered all of the known world at the time.

Lesson 12
Papyrus: A plant that only grows near the Nile River.
At one point Alexander the Great’s empire had the practice of Hellenization.
Hellenization: The practice of bringing Greeks and installing them as administrators.
Greek at one point became the universal language of the world.
Universal Language: A language used by everyone in the world.

Lesson 13
Alexandria: An empire founded by Alexander the Great.
Alexandria’s common language was Greek.
Alexandria used the Papyrus plant for paper in their library.
Euclid: Someone who worked in math, he created many things in geometry.
Archimedes: A person which had found how to find the volume of irregular shapes.
Herophilos: One of the first people who did anatomy. He is known as the “Father of Anatomy.”
Erasistratus: An anatomist who disagreed with most anatomists. He thought the brain was the center of sensation.
Aristarchus of Samos: A Mathematician and an Astronomer. He figured out how the sun is in the center of our solar system.
Ptolemy: A Mathematician, Geographer, and an Astronomer.

Lesson 14
Government Officials were chosen randomly so that everyone had a chance of being a ruler.
The Greeks had many scientific feats, they had feats in Geometry, Astronomy, Applied Mathematics, and Medicine.
Many ancient Greek writings are still common textbooks today.
The Olympics were made by the Greeks.
The Olympic games were in Greek Mythology made by Heracles to honor Zeus.
The first Olympics began around 776 BCE.
Golden Ratio: A formula for a perfect ratio in parts of a figure.