Science Chp. 7 & 8

Lesson 1
Position: Place where something is located.
Vector: A quantity where direction matters, such as position.
Scalar: A quantity where direction doesn’t matter.
Origin: The starting point on a graph.

Lesson 2
Position Versus Time Graph: A graph showing position changing over time.
The position in a position versus time graph will go up or down when the position turns and changes.

Lesson 3
Speed: The rate at which you travel.
Average Speed: The speed you travel most of the time in a given time.
How to find average speed: Total distance divided by total time.

Lesson 4
Speed Versus Time Graph: A graph showing how fast you go over time.
A speed versus time graph has speed on the y-axis while time is on the x-axis.

Lesson 5
Acceleration: The rate of change in speed.
Non-Accelerating: When the rate of speed does not change.
Deceleration: When the speed goes down.

Lesson 6
Constant Motion: The motion stays the same.
Motion Diagram: A diagram that shows the motion of an object.
Constant Speed: Speed staying the same.

Lesson 7
Slope: The line on a graph that tells how quickly the quantity is increasing or decreasing.
Slopes can be used to show speed over time.

Lesson 8
Velocity Versus Time Graph: A graph that shows how much velocity something goes over time.

Chapter 8

Lesson 1
Force: pushing or pulling an object.
Applied Force: An object putting force on another object.
Contact Forces: Two or more objects that are in contact, use force on each other.
Non-Contact Forces: The opposite of a Contact force.

Lesson 2
Gravity: A force that keeps us on the ground.
Normal Force: The force that balances the weight of an object, like a table holding food.
Friction: A force that happens when two objects rub on each other, stopping motion.
Air resistance: a type of friction that happens to objects in the air.
Tension: A force that acts on a stretched-out object.
Spring Force: A force that acts from a spring.
Electric Force: The attraction between multiple charged objects.
Magnetic Force: Force acted by two magnetic poles.
Free-Body Diagrams: A diagram that is a visual aid to see how forces work.

Lesson 3
Gross amount of money: The total amount of money someone makes.
Net Amount: The subtracted amount of the gross amount and the deductions.
Vector Quantities: A quantity that uses direction and magnitude.
Equilibrium: No change.

Lesson 4
Balanced Forces: Forces that have the same Net Charge on each side of the force.
Unbalanced Forces: Forces that don’t have the same amount of net charge on each side of the force.
Newton’s First Law of Motion: A law of physics made by Isaac Newton, the law quotes, “An object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, and an object in motion will stay in motion, and that motion is at a constant velocity.”

Lesson 5
Newton: A unit of mass.
Force: A push or pull.
Forces come in pairs.
Magnitude: Quantity or size.

Lesson 6
Law of Inertia: Another way to call Newton’s First Law of Motion.
Unbalanced Forces change an object’s state of motion.
Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that Net Force is Mass * Acceleration.
Inertia: The tendency for mass and matter to resist changing motion.
Inertial Mass is the object’s resistance to acceleration.

Lesson 7
To calculate force, you multiply the mass of an object by its acceleration.
To calculate acceleration, you divide mass by force.
To calculate mass, you divide the acceleration by the force.
Free-Body Diagram: A diagram that shows all the forces acting on an object. Also called a force vector diagram.
Net Force: The sum of all the forces acting on an object, it is a vector quantity.

Lesson 8
Balance: A tool used to measure an object’s mass.
Weight: The gravitational pull on something, not to be confused with mass.
Mass: A measurement of how much matter an object has.

Lesson 9
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Newton’s Third Law states, that for every force there is an equal opposing force.
Interaction: Two or more objects that react together, such as a tennis ball getting hit by a tennis racket.
Action: The first object in an interaction.
Reaction: The second object in an interaction.
Acceleration: A change in an object’s state of motion.
An action equals the same force as a reaction.

Lesson 10
Impulse-Momentum Theorem: It states that the impulse on an object is equal to the change in its momentum.
Impulse: The change in momentum.
How falling onto a cushion doesn’t hurt you is that it makes you fall for a longer duration, so the force is less.

Chapter 9

Lesson 1
Weight: The amount of gravity on an object.
Non-contact force: a force that acts on an object without touching it.
To find the weight of an object multiply its Mass by its amount of Grams.
Mass: A scalar quantity that measures amounts of matter.
Mass can never be equal to zero.