World History Chp. 9 & 10

Lesson 1
Italy: A country in Europe.
Italy was easy to invade by sea.
Italy had many fertile lands.
Italy was occupied by the Etruscans and Greeks a long time ago.
We don’t know much about the Etruscans.
At one point the Latins had conquered Italy.
The Latin League: A league to protect the Latins from the others who already had settled there.
Augury: To predict the future from the flight of birds.

Lesson 2
In 509 BCE, it was decided that in Rome, there would be no more kings.
The Romans had a strategy of Appeasement, which is to keep their conquered lands happy.
The Romans became a Republic at one point.
Republic: A system of government in which citizens choose representatives to govern.

Lesson 3
The Romans were broken up into two groups, the Patricians, and the Plebeians.
Patricians: The wealthy people of Rome.
Plebeians: The average people of Rome.
Consul: The highest form of government in Rome.
Senate: A group of 300 Patricians, they were the lawmakers of Rome.
Assembly: The Assembly allowed the plebeians into its membership.
The Assembly elected the Consuls.
Tribunes: A position, which was like the President of the plebeians.
The plebeians also elected the Tribunes.

Lesson 4
Julius Caesar: A Patrician who climbed the political ladder of Rome, and had many achievements.
Political Ladder: A figurative ladder, which is the roles in politics, and to climb that ladder means to get higher and higher roles.
Extortion: To get something from someone by threatening them.
Caeser eventually became the Dictator of Rome.

Lesson 5
Augustus: The first emperor of Rome.
Augustus ruled from 31 BCE to 14 CE!
Ceasar was assassinated by the Senate, which thought his power would lead to madness in Rome and killing him would solve that, but it did just the opposite, there was another civil war in Rome due to that happening.
Augustus had many name changes: His first name was Octavius until Caesar died, then he was called Octavian, and then he was finally called Agustus.

Lesson 6
3rd Century Crisis: A period in the Roman Empire in which the empire came very close to collapsing.
The Plague of Cyprian: A plague that was during the 3rd Century Crisis.
Diocletian: A person who fixed the problems of the 3rd Century Crisis.
Diocletian put more value into Roman coins, by having them have purer metal content.

Lesson 7
There were many reasons Rome fell.
Internal Corruption: One of the reasons Rome ended up falling, many politicians were paying people to vote for them.
Rome at one point was divided into two halves: Rome, and the Byzantine Empire.
At one point Rome was invaded, and the last emperor was forced to surrender his crown.

Lesson 8
Insula: A Roman apartment that would be up to seven stories tall.
There was no indoor plumbing in the insulas, they weren’t that safe either.
Taverna: A restaurant, which served things like fish, sour wine, and bread, they only gave enough food to hold off hunger till the next day.
Domus: A large townhouse with multiple courtyards, many wealthy Romans would have Domus’ as houses.
Patrons: Wealthy Romans, who paid poor Romans in bread for political loyalty.

Lesson 9
Mosaics: Paintings made with tiny pieces of stone.
Golden Ratio: A geometric formula for a ratio of 1:1.618.
Equestrian Statues: Statues of Roman military generals, leaders, and more, they were made of expensive materials, most of the time commissioned by generals or emperors.
The Romans used the Arch and the Dome for a lot of their buildings.
Bassila: A long Roman building with an elevated platform at each end.

Lesson 10
Ancient Romans: An Italian civilization between roughly 509 BCE and 476 AD.
Aqueducts: Pipelines that bring fresh water from mountains to areas without water.
Concrete: A building material made by the Romans.
The Romans built some of the first Roads.
The Romans made medical tools such as surgical clamps, and tourniquets, which stemmed from blood loss after an injury.
The Julian Calendar: A calendar made by Julius Caesar.
The Julian Calendar was used until the Gregorian Calendar replaced it.

Lesson 11
The Romans spoke the language Latin.
Latin is used a lot for the names of plants and animals in science.
Rome was originally a Republic, which is where the people elect officials.
Rome eventually became an Empire after a Republic.

Chapter 10

Lesson 1
Israelites: A community that would eventually become the Jewish people.
The Israelites lived in Egypt at one point, but because of how many of them there were, they were discriminated against and kicked out of Egypt.
Diaspora: A type of Jewish community.
Ghettos: European cities in the Middle Ages, which had Jewish neighborhoods.

Lesson 2
Prophets: People who have the ability to obtain messages from the god in which they believe.
Abraham: The founder of Judaism.
Moses: The person who introduced the Ten Commandments.
David: A person who is a great hero in Judaism.
To show his faith in God, David killed the giant Goliath with a sling and some stones.
David eventually became king of the countries of the Jewish world.

Lesson 3
Judaism: The ancient faith of the Jewish people.
Monotheistic: A religion that believes in one god only.
Rabbi: Jewish teachers.

Lesson 4
Brahmanism: One of India’s oldest religions.
Reincarnation: A belief which is that the soul would be born again.

Lesson 5
Hinduism: A religion that is considered the world’s oldest religion.
Hinduism is also regarded as the world’s third-largest religion.
Hinduism combines the beliefs, philosophy, and cultural practices of India.
It believes in reincarnation and believes in a supreme god named Brahman
Shastra: A collection of the spiritual laws passed by Hindu saints and sages.
Rigveda: Writing that contains the earliest known Hindu hymns.
There are three main gods in Hinduism: Brahma, the creator, Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.
Dharma: Ethics and duties.
Samsara: Rebirth.
Moksha: Liberation from the cycle of Samsara.

Lesson 6
Siddhartha Gautama: Buddha’s original name.
Buddha’s name means “Enlightened one.”
The Four Noble Truths: Writing made by Buddha that explains that life is full of pain and suffering, and more.
The Noble Eightfold Path: Eight Guidelines state how the Four Noble Truths exist, to commit to becoming a better person slowly over time, and more.
Reincarnation depends on Karma.

Lesson 7
Theravada Buddhism: One of the two main types of Buddhism, it can be seen as the “original,” Buddhism.
Mahayana Buddhism: The second type of Buddhism, elevates Buddha to a level some say is god-like.
Mahayana Buddhism eventually became more popular.

Lesson 8
Analects: A collection of Confucius’ teachings.
Confucianism: Philosophy or religion based on Master Kung’s teachings.
Confucianism is debated that it is a philosophy or religion.
Master Kung: The founder of Confucianism, he is also called Confucius.
Feudal System: A system of power derived from land ownership.
Filial Piety: The deep respect of elders and ancestors.
The Five Key Relationships: One of Confucius’ teachings, talks about how people should act with one another based on their ranks to each other.
Jen: Also called Ren, is the desire to see the good of others.
Mencius: A disciple and promoter of Confucianism.
Master Kung was born around 551 BCE.

Lesson 9
Confucianism: A religion or philosophy which tells how people are naturally good, and that education made sure they stayed good.
Laozi: A philosopher who introduced Taoism.
Taoism: A philosophy and a religion that talks about finding the “Tao,” or “The Way.”
The Yin-Yang: A symbol in Taoism that shows everything in balance.

Lesson 10
Judaism: The faith of the Hebrews.
Christian churches believe Jesus as a man who gave himself as a sacrifice for the sins of humanity.
Jesus: A Jewish man from the Bible, The book of the Christians.
One thing that links Christianity closely to Judaism, is that Jesus was a Jewish man.
The Trinity: The belief that god has three identities, which are, God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit.

Lesson 11
Jesus of Nazareth: The foundation of Christianity.
Messiah: A savior and leader prophesied by Jewish scripture.
Jesus is said to have been the Messiah.
Crucifixion: An ancient way of execution where a person is nailed onto a wooden surface.