Physical Science Chp. 9, 10, and 11

Lesson 1
Weight: The amount of gravity on an object.
Gravity: The force that pulls us down.
Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
Weight is measured with the Newton and the Pound.
Mass is measured in Kilograms.
One Kilogram is equivilent to 9.8 Newtons.
One Newton is equivalent to 0.225 pounds.
A Pound is about 4.45 Newtons.
A Kilogram weighs 2.2 pounds on Earth.

Lesson 2
Newton’s First Law: The idea of Inertia.
Newton’s Second Law: The idea that Force is equal to Mass multiplied by Acceleration.
Newton’s Third Law: The idea that every Force has an equal opposing force.
To find Mass, you divide Force by Acceleration.
To find Acceleration, you divide Mass by Force.

Lesson 3
Gram: One of the Metric mass units.
Kilogram: Another one of the Metric mass units.
Metric Ton: The final Metric mass unit.
Metric Mass Unit: The Metric system’s units of Mass.
A Kilogram is 1000 Grams.
A Metric Ton is 1000 Kilograms.
A Metric Ton is 1000000 Grams.
The Metric Ton is also spelled as the “Tonne.”

Lesson 4
The US. Customary Unit: How the US measures items.
Ounces: A small unit.
Pound: The Measure of gravity on an object.
A Pound has 16 Ounces.
Ton: A measure for very large items.
A Ton is 2,000 Pounds.

Lesson 5
Weight VS. Mass: Weight is the gravity of an object while Mass is the amount of Matter in an object.
Gravity: The attraction between two items with Mass.
Free Falling: When no other Forces except Gravity are acting on an object.
Gravity can cause Acceleration.
Free Falling objects Accelerate at 9.8 Meters per Second.
Force equals Mass multiplied by Acceleration.
Weight equals Mass multiplied by Gravity.
Acceleration is equal to Force multiplied by Mass.

Chapter 10

Lesson 1
Prism: A Three-Dimensional shape that has two parallel shapes that are connected at their sides by rectangles.
Rectangular Prisms: Prisms that have rectangles on either end that is connected by four extra rectangles.
Volume: The measure of the inside of a Three-Dimensional shape.
The equation for Volume is V=L * W * H.

Lesson 2
Density Formula: Density = Mass divided by Volume.
Archimedes: A Greek Philosopher that is called the creator of Math.
Water Displacement: How much water falls out of a container when you put an object in.
Water Displacement is used to measure volume.

Lesson 3
Density: How compact Matter is.
The more Matter squeezed into a space, the denser it will get.
The symbol for Density is the letter P.
One way that Density is measured is in Kilograms per Cubic Meter.

Lesson 4
Density in Kilograms per Meter Cubed is equal to Mass in Kilograms divided by Volume in Meters Cubed.
Density tells us if an object will sink or float.
The Volume of a Cube is V = L * W * H.
To find Density, you would need to find the Volume of the item you are measuring, then scale it to get its Mass.

Lesson 5
Buoyancy: The ability of an object to float on water.
Fluid Pressure: The amount the molecules in a fluid that hit an object.
Buoyant Force: The upward for which an underwater object feels.
Force is measured in Newtons.
Archimedes’ Principle: The buoyant force of an underwater object is equal to the object’s surface area.
Density: A measure of how compact the Mass in a substance is.
To find the Buoyant Force, multiply Density by Volume and Gravity.

Lesson 6
Objects that are small and heavy will most likely sink in water.
Objects that are large and light will most likely float in water.
Density is calculated with, Density = Mass divided by Volume.
Density’s equation is shortened as, P = M/V.

Chapter 11

Lesson 1
Energy: The ability to do work.
Sound energy: Energy in sound.
Light Energy: The energy in light.
Electrical Energy: Energy transferred by electricity.
Heat Energy: Energy in heat.

Lesson 2
Energy is used a lot every day.
Potential Energy: Energy of position of stored energy.
There are many different forms of energy.
Work: Movement of an object due to forces on it.

Lesson 3
Energy Transfer: When energy changes form.
Solar Radiation: Radiation from the sun, if we had none, life on Earth would not be possible.
Conduction: When molecules move from one object to another.
Convection: When heat is transferred by a fluid moving.

Lesson 4
Thermal Energy: Heat.
Heat: A type of energy.
Thermometer: Something Thermal Energy is measured with.
Sublimation: When a solid turns into a gas without turning into liquid before the gas.
Deposition: When a gas changes to a solid without going through the liquid stage.

Lesson 5
Metal heats up more quickly than water.
Energy transfer occurs when there is a change in temperature.
Radiation: The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves.

Lesson 6
First Law of Thermodynamics: Another term for The Law of Conservation of Energy.
The Law of Conservation of Energy: A law of energy that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed.
Friction: A force that opposes motion.
Energy: To do work.

Lesson 7
Work is measured in Joules.
To find how much work you’re doing on an object, multiply the force you’re pushing on it in Newtons, by the distance in meters that it has moved.
A Kilojoule is 1000 Joules.
A Megajoule is 1000000 Joules.

Lesson 8
Simple Machine: A non-powered device that multiplies, or changes the direction of a force.
The equation for Work: Force multiplied by distance.
One of the most common simple machines is the lever, many things are levers like scissors are levers, and see-saws are levers.

Lesson 9
Making the distance of work longer makes the object “easier” to move, but it is the same force on the object.
A screw is a modified incline plane.
A bike is a type of simple machine called a wheel and axle.
Mechanical Advantage: The ratio of output to input force.

Lesson 10
Heat measures total energy, which is both kinetic and potential.
Temperature measures the average kinetic energy.
Heat is an Extensive Quantity.
Temperature is an Intensive Quantity.
Extensive Quantity: A quantity with a part-whole structure.
Intensive Quantity: A quantity with a uniform part-whole structure.

Lesson 11
Heat: A type of energy.
Heat Flow: The movement of Heat.
Radiation: Heat flow in a vacuum.
Conduction: When two objects in contact transfer Heat.
Fluid: Any material in a state that flows.